Human capital excellence is a comprehensive framework of core values, criteria, and indicators for human resource management. This framework helps human resource managers within organizations to continuously evaluate activities, procedures, processes, and outcomes of their human resources, identifying strengths and areas for improvement (issues and problems), and planning for their enhancement. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the role of human capital excellence in improving employee performance in the Judiciary. The research method is descriptive-correlational. Cochran’s formula was used for sampling, and based on this, the sample size consisted of 175 individuals. Data were collected using the Human Capital Excellence Strategies questionnaire from the Iranian Human Resource Management Association (with a reliability of 0.869) and the Employee Performance questionnaire by Stephen Kendrey (with a reliability of 0.901). The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and linear regression analysis. The results showed that human capital excellence has an impact on improving employee performance, and that human capital leadership and human capital strategies contribute to enhancing employee performance in the Judiciary.